Hanes dyfeisio'r batri
Ym 1786, roedd anatomegydd o'r enw Galvani ym Mhrifysgol Bologna yn yr Eidal. Pan oedd yn gwneud arbrawf dyrannu broga, canfu pan fyddai sgalpel metel yn cyffwrdd â chyhyrau'r broga, byddai'r broga'n neidio a byddai'r coesau'n sbasmio. Roedd y darganfyddiad yn syndod mawr, ac roedd yn meddwl bod biodrydaniaeth yma.
In the eighteenth century AD, people's understanding of electricity mainly came from triboelectricity and lightning in nature, so the previous phenomena related to electricity, such as fur friction and Leiden bottle, were all static electricity. The discovery of the same phenomenon as triboelectricity on frog legs was indeed surprising at the time. After the publication of this result in 1791, it attracted great attention.
For example, it caught the attention of Volta, another university professor in Italy. Volta repeated and tested Galvani's experiment. After repeating it many times, he thought: Could the phenomenon of frog leg spasms have nothing to do with living things? Maybe a frog leg is just a conductor?
I brofi'r pwynt hwn, fe wnaeth ddileu'r holl ffactorau biolegol a defnyddio dau fetel gwahanol i gynhyrchu trydan. Yn wir, yn y diwedd defnyddiodd wahanol fetelau fel sinc adweithiol ac arian anweithredol neu gopr, wedi'i drochi mewn cardbord â dŵr halen, i gynhyrchu cerrynt trydan parhaus. Dyma'r batri cyntaf yn hanes dynol - y pentwr foltaidd.
The "Volta Pile" made by Volta himself is now in the Volta Museum in Italy. Image source: Wikipedia
This study by Volta in 1800 changed the understanding of electricity from static electricity to electrokinetic electricity. Napoleon, who had conquered Italy at the time, recognized the importance of this research and granted him the title of Lord Volta. Until now the unit of voltage in our physics "volt" is also named after him.
Of course, the importance of this work is not only in winning the prize, it lays the foundation for the emergence and development of electromagnetism. Faraday's electromagnetic induction experiment was done in 1831. If there was no voltaic pile at the beginning, Faraday would have no way to do electromagnetic induction experiments, and human beings would have no way to establish a system of electromagnetic knowledge.
So was Galvani wrong? In fact, Galvani is very insistent on his own views. He believes that his experiments are no problem, and he has done a long time to verify it. Volta said that the current came from two different metals. Galvani simply did an experiment without using any metal. He used the nerves of a frog to touch the muscles of the frog's legs, and found that the frog's legs would still spasm, which means that even if there is no metal, there is no In the external voltaic pile, living things will also respond to electrical signals, and there is still bioelectricity.
Felly roedd Galvani yn iawn hefyd. Arweiniodd y ffenomen hon, ar ôl blynyddoedd o ymchwil dwys, at electroffisioleg fodern yn y pen draw. Rydyn ni'n mynd i'r ysbyty i gael electrocardiogramau ac electroenseffalogramau, ac mae pob un ohonynt yn gysylltiedig ag electroffisioleg. Mae'r Unol Daleithiau a Tsieina yn astudio niwrowyddoniaeth a gwyddor yr ymennydd. Mae'r trosglwyddiadau signal hyn yn seiliedig ar y cerrynt a gynhyrchir gan ïonau yn y corff dynol.
Mae'n bosibl, yn y cyfnod troi o'r ddeunawfed ganrif i'r bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg, fod y ddadl academaidd rhwng Galvani a Volta yn ystyrlon iawn ar gyfer adeiladu'r system wybodaeth ddynol.
